Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a common chronic skin condition that mainly affects the skin barrier and causes it to become dry, itchy, and inflamed. It often starts in childhood but can occur at any age. The condition involves the immune system, which overreacts to triggers like allergens, irritants, or stress, leading to flare-ups. People with this condition experience red, scaly patches that can be very uncomfortable and sometimes painful. It primarily affects the skin, but the itching and discomfort can impact daily activities and sleep. The condition tends to come and go, with periods of worsening symptoms followed by improvement.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder characterized by a defective epidermal barrier and dysregulated immune response, primarily involving Th2-mediated inflammation. It is commonly associated with a personal or family history of atopy, including asthma and allergic rhinitis. The pathogenesis involves mutations in the FLG gene encoding filaggrin, leading to impaired skin barrier function and increased transepidermal water loss. This barrier defect facilitates allergen penetration and microbial colonization, especially by Staphylococcus aureus, which exacerbates inflammation. Clinically, it presents with pruritus, xerosis, and eczematous lesions that vary by age and distribution. The condition significantly impacts quality of life due to chronic itching and skin damage.