Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the cells that produce cartilage, the flexible tissue found in joints and other parts of the body. It mainly affects the bones, especially in the pelvis, thigh, and shoulder areas. This cancer grows slowly but can cause pain, swelling, and reduced movement in the affected area. Because it involves the skeletal system, it can weaken bones and increase the risk of fractures. Early symptoms may be subtle, but as the tumor grows, it can significantly impact daily activities and overall health.

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage-forming tumor characterized by the production of neoplastic hyaline cartilage. It arises from mesenchymal cells that undergo malignant transformation, often in the axial skeleton or long bones. The pathogenesis involves genetic alterations such as mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 genes, leading to abnormal cartilage proliferation. Clinically, it presents with localized pain and a palpable mass, often in adults aged 40-70 years. It is significant due to its potential for local invasion and distant metastasis, primarily to the lungs. Histologically, it is graded based on cellularity, nuclear atypia, and mitotic activity, which correlates with prognosis.