Ectopic Pregnancy
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Overview
Plain-Language Overview
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. This condition affects the female reproductive system and can cause serious health problems if not treated promptly. The growing embryo cannot develop normally outside the uterus and may cause internal bleeding if the fallopian tube ruptures. Symptoms often include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and sometimes dizziness or fainting due to blood loss. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent life-threatening complications and preserve future fertility.
Clinical Definition
Ectopic pregnancy is defined as the implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the endometrial lining of the uterine cavity, most frequently in the fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy). It results from impaired tubal transport due to factors such as tubal scarring, prior infection (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis), or surgery. The condition is a major cause of first-trimester maternal morbidity and mortality due to the risk of tubal rupture and hemorrhage. Clinically, it presents with pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, and an adnexal mass. Diagnosis relies on a combination of serum beta-hCG levels and transvaginal ultrasound findings. Prompt recognition and management are essential to prevent severe complications.