Herpes

Herpes is a common viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes. It often causes painful blisters or sores around the mouth or genital area. The virus can remain dormant in nerve cells and reactivate later, leading to recurrent outbreaks. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or lesions. The infection mainly impacts the nervous system and skin, causing discomfort and sometimes complications. Many people carry the virus without symptoms but can still spread it to others.

Herpes refers to infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), which are double-stranded DNA viruses of the Herpesviridae family. The core pathology involves viral entry into epithelial cells followed by latency in sensory ganglia, with periodic reactivation causing mucocutaneous lesions. HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 is more commonly associated with genital herpes, though overlap occurs. The infection is characterized by painful vesicular eruptions, often preceded by prodromal symptoms such as burning or tingling. Major clinical significance includes potential for neonatal herpes, herpes encephalitis, and increased risk of HIV acquisition. Diagnosis and management focus on identifying active lesions and preventing transmission.