Hyperacute Transplant Rejection
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Overview
Plain-Language Overview
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection is a rare but serious condition that can happen immediately after an organ transplant. It involves the body's immune system attacking the new organ, which is usually a kidney, heart, or lung. This reaction happens because the body recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and mounts a strong defense against it. The immune system's antibodies quickly bind to the blood vessels of the transplanted organ, causing damage and blocking blood flow. This leads to rapid organ failure, which can be life-threatening. The condition affects the circulatory system within the transplanted organ and requires urgent medical attention.
Clinical Definition
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection is an immediate immune-mediated rejection occurring within minutes to hours after transplantation. It is caused by preformed recipient antibodies against donor human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or ABO blood group antigens, leading to complement activation and widespread vascular thrombosis in the graft. This results in rapid ischemic injury and graft failure. The hallmark pathology includes endothelial injury, neutrophil infiltration, and fibrin thrombi in graft vessels. It is a major cause of early graft loss and is typically irreversible. Prevention involves careful pre-transplant screening for donor-specific antibodies and ABO compatibility.