Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce important hormones. This tumor causes the adrenal glands to release too much adrenaline and related chemicals, leading to symptoms like high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, and sweating. These symptoms can come and go suddenly, often triggered by stress or certain activities. Because it affects the body's fight-or-flight response, it can cause episodes of severe anxiety and headaches. If untreated, it can lead to serious heart problems or stroke due to uncontrolled high blood pressure.

Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. It typically produces excess epinephrine and norepinephrine, causing episodic or sustained hypertension and sympathetic overactivity. Most cases are sporadic, but some are associated with hereditary syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), von Hippel-Lindau disease, or neurofibromatosis type 1. The tumor's excessive catecholamine secretion leads to characteristic paroxysmal symptoms including headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis. Diagnosis is critical due to the risk of hypertensive crisis and cardiovascular complications. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment after appropriate preoperative management.