Serotonin syndrome

Serotonin syndrome is a condition caused by too much serotonin, a chemical in the brain that helps regulate mood, movement, and other body functions. It usually happens when certain medications or drugs increase serotonin levels too much. This affects the nervous system and can cause symptoms like confusion, muscle stiffness, and a fast heartbeat. People may also experience sweating, shivering, and diarrhea. If not treated, it can become serious and affect breathing and heart function.

Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive activation of serotonin receptors, primarily the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, due to increased serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. It commonly results from the use or interaction of serotonergic agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or certain recreational drugs. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of cognitive effects (e.g., agitation, confusion), autonomic instability (e.g., hyperthermia, tachycardia), and neuromuscular abnormalities (e.g., clonus, hyperreflexia). Early recognition is critical because the condition can rapidly progress to severe complications including seizures, rhabdomyolysis, and multi-organ failure.