Thyroid

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Thyroid conditions

Congenital HypothyroidismCongenital hypothyroidism is a neonatal thyroid hormone deficiency often caused by thyroid dysgenesis, leading to developmental delays if untreated.Graves DiseaseAn autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, Graves disease features thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins and symptoms like exophthalmos and heat intolerance.Hashimoto ThyroiditisHashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune hypothyroidism caused by anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies leading to gradual thyroid gland destruction.Riedel ThyroiditisRiedel Thyroiditis is a rare fibrosing inflammatory disease causing a hard, fixed thyroid mass and compressive symptoms due to extensive fibrosis replacing normal tissue.Subacute Granulomatous ThyroiditisSubacute granulomatous thyroiditis is a self-limited inflammatory thyroid disorder often triggered by viral infection, characterized by painful thyroid swelling and elevated ESR.Thyroid AdenomaThyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland that often presents as a solitary nodule and may cause hyperthyroidism or remain asymptomatic.Thyroid Cancer (Follicular Carcinoma)Follicular carcinoma is a thyroid cancer subtype characterized by hematogenous spread and often presents with a solitary thyroid nodule in adults.Thyroid Cancer (Medullary Carcinoma)Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a neuroendocrine tumor arising from parafollicular C cells, often linked to elevated calcitonin and RET proto-oncogene mutations.Thyroid Cancer (Papillary Carcinoma)Papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid cancer subtype, characterized by nuclear grooves and psammoma bodies, often linked to RET/PTC rearrangements.Thyroid Cancer (Undifferentiated/Anaplastic Carcinoma)Undifferentiated thyroid cancer, or anaplastic carcinoma, is a rare, aggressive tumor marked by rapid growth and poor prognosis due to loss of thyroid differentiation.Thyroid StormThyroid storm is a life-threatening hyperthyroid crisis marked by fever, tachycardia, and altered mental status due to excessive thyroid hormone release.Toxic Multinodular GoiterToxic multinodular goiter causes hyperthyroidism due to autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, often presenting with suppressed TSH and elevated T3/T4 levels.

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