Papilledema

Papilledema is swelling of the optic nerve head caused by increased pressure inside the skull. This condition affects the nervous system, specifically the eyes, and can lead to symptoms like headache, vision changes, and sometimes nausea. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain, so swelling here can interfere with normal vision. It is often a sign of a serious underlying problem such as a brain tumor, brain hemorrhage, or increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Early detection is important because prolonged pressure can cause permanent vision loss. The swelling is visible during an eye exam and indicates that the brain's pressure is abnormally high.

Papilledema is defined as bilateral optic disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The core pathology involves axoplasmic flow stasis within the optic nerve fibers due to elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure surrounding the optic nerve sheath. Common causes include intracranial mass lesions, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and hydrocephalus. Clinically, it is significant because it indicates raised ICP, which can lead to optic nerve ischemia and permanent visual impairment if untreated. Fundoscopic examination reveals blurred disc margins, elevation of the optic disc, and venous engorgement. It is a critical sign requiring urgent evaluation to identify and manage the underlying cause of increased ICP.