Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephalus
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Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephalus conditions
Central/Downward Transtentorial HerniationCentral downward transtentorial herniation involves downward displacement of brain structures causing midbrain compression and impaired consciousness in severe brain injury.Cerebellar Tonsillar HerniationCerebellar tonsillar herniation involves downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, causing brainstem compression and neurological symptoms.Cerebral Edema (Cytotoxic)Cerebral edema cytotoxic involves intracellular swelling of brain cells due to hypoxia or ischemia, leading to disrupted ion pumps and brain tissue damage.Cerebral Edema (Vasogenic)Cerebral edema vasogenic involves disruption of the blood-brain barrier causing extracellular fluid accumulation, often due to tumors, trauma, or inflammation.Cingulate (Subfalcine) HerniationCingulate (subfalcine) herniation occurs when brain tissue shifts under the falx cerebri, often compressing the anterior cerebral artery and causing ischemia.Ex Vacuo VentriculomegalyEx Vacuo Ventriculomegaly is ventricular enlargement due to brain tissue loss, often seen in neurodegenerative diseases causing compensatory CSF space expansion.Hydrocephalus (Communicating)Communicating hydrocephalus involves impaired CSF absorption despite open ventricles, leading to ventricular enlargement and symptoms like gait disturbance and dementia.Hydrocephalus (Noncommunicating)Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is caused by obstruction of CSF flow within the ventricular system, leading to ventricular enlargement and increased intracranial pressure.Hydrocephalus (Normal Pressure)Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by enlarged ventricles with normal CSF pressure, causing gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence.Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) causes increased intracranial pressure without a mass lesion, often presenting with headache and papilledema in young women.PapilledemaPapilledema is optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure, often presenting with headache and visual disturbances in neurological exams.Uncal Transtentorial HerniationUncal transtentorial herniation involves medial temporal lobe displacement causing brainstem compression, leading to altered consciousness and pupillary dilation.