Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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Overview
Plain-Language Overview
Primary Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). These glands are located in the neck and help regulate the body's calcium levels. When too much PTH is released, it causes calcium to be released from the bones into the bloodstream, leading to high blood calcium levels. This can affect many parts of the body, including the bones, kidneys, and digestive system. People with this condition may experience symptoms like bone pain, kidney stones, and abdominal discomfort. The disorder mainly impacts the skeletal system and the body's ability to maintain normal calcium balance.
Clinical Definition
Primary Hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by one or more of the parathyroid glands, most commonly due to a parathyroid adenoma. This leads to hypercalcemia through increased bone resorption, enhanced renal tubular calcium reabsorption, and increased intestinal calcium absorption via activation of 1-alpha hydroxylase in the kidneys. The condition results in bone demineralization, nephrolithiasis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is distinguished from secondary hyperparathyroidism by elevated serum calcium levels despite elevated PTH. The disorder is significant due to its potential to cause osteoporosis, kidney damage, and cardiovascular complications if untreated.