Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck and controls important hormones. This attack causes the thyroid to become inflamed and often leads to an underactive thyroid, known as hypothyroidism. People with this condition may experience symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and dry skin due to low hormone levels. The disease mainly affects the endocrine system, which regulates hormones. Over time, the thyroid may become enlarged, forming a painless goiter. It is a common cause of thyroid problems, especially in women. The condition develops slowly and can affect overall metabolism and energy levels.

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune thyroiditis characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of thyroid follicles, leading to progressive hypothyroidism. It is caused by an autoimmune response involving autoantibodies against thyroid antigens such as thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin. The disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas and predominantly affects middle-aged women. Histologically, it shows germinal center formation and Hurthle cell metaplasia. Clinically, patients may present with a painless, firm goiter and symptoms of thyroid hormone deficiency. The autoimmune process results in gradual thyroid failure, making it a major cause of chronic thyroid dysfunction.