Choanal Atresia

Choanal atresia is a condition where the back of the nose is blocked, usually by abnormal tissue, making it hard for air to pass through. This affects the nasal passages and can cause difficulty breathing, especially in newborns who primarily breathe through their noses. Babies with this condition may have trouble feeding and may appear to struggle for air. The blockage can be on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral), with bilateral cases causing more severe breathing problems. It involves the respiratory system and can lead to symptoms like noisy breathing and cyanosis. Early diagnosis is important because it affects how well a baby can breathe and get oxygen.

Choanal atresia is a congenital malformation characterized by the complete or partial obstruction of the posterior nasal apertures (choanae) due to a bony or membranous septum. It results from the failure of the bucconasal membrane to rupture during embryonic development. This leads to impaired nasal airflow, causing respiratory distress, especially in neonates who are obligate nasal breathers. The condition can be unilateral or bilateral, with bilateral choanal atresia presenting as a neonatal emergency due to severe airway obstruction. It is often associated with other congenital anomalies, including those seen in CHARGE syndrome. Diagnosis and management are critical to prevent hypoxia and feeding difficulties.