Rhinosinusitis

Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the nasal passages and the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose. This condition affects the respiratory system and can cause symptoms like nasal congestion, facial pain or pressure, and a reduced sense of smell. It often results from a viral infection, but can also be caused by bacteria or allergies. The inflammation leads to swelling and mucus buildup, which can block sinus drainage and cause discomfort. Sinus infections can be acute or chronic, impacting daily activities and quality of life.

Rhinosinusitis is defined as inflammation of the mucosal lining of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, typically caused by viral upper respiratory infections, bacterial superinfection, or allergic reactions. The core pathology involves mucosal edema, impaired mucociliary clearance, and obstruction of sinus ostia, leading to mucus retention and secondary infection. It is classified as acute (symptoms <4 weeks) or **chronic** (symptoms >12 weeks). Common bacterial pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Clinically, it presents with nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, and sometimes fever. Complications can include orbital cellulitis or abscess and rarely intracranial spread.