Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a rare type of cancer that affects the thin layer of tissue called the mesothelium, which covers many internal organs, most commonly the lungs. This disease primarily involves the pleura, the lining around the lungs, but can also affect the lining of the abdomen or heart. It is strongly linked to exposure to asbestos fibers, which can cause damage to the cells over many years. Symptoms often include chest pain, shortness of breath, and persistent cough, which result from the tumor growing and interfering with lung function. Because it develops slowly and symptoms appear late, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The disease can severely impact breathing and overall health due to tumor spread and fluid buildup around the lungs.

Mesothelioma is a malignant neoplasm arising from the mesothelial cells lining the pleura, peritoneum, or pericardium, with the pleural form being the most common. It is primarily caused by chronic inhalation of asbestos fibers, which induce DNA damage and chronic inflammation leading to malignant transformation. The tumor is characterized by aggressive local invasion and poor prognosis, often presenting with pleural effusion, chest pain, and dyspnea. Histologically, it can be classified into epithelioid, sarcomatoid, or biphasic subtypes, which influence prognosis and treatment response. Diagnosis is challenging due to its rarity and nonspecific symptoms, requiring a combination of imaging, cytology, and histopathology. The disease is significant due to its strong occupational link and resistance to conventional therapies.