Panic disorder

Panic disorder is a mental health condition characterized by sudden and repeated episodes of intense fear called panic attacks. These attacks involve physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and a feeling of losing control or impending doom. The disorder primarily affects the nervous system, especially the brain's response to stress and fear. People with panic disorder often worry about when the next attack will happen, which can interfere with daily activities and overall well-being. It is a common condition that can significantly impact quality of life if not recognized and managed.

Panic disorder is defined by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort that peak within minutes and include physical symptoms such as tachycardia, dyspnea, chest pain, and dizziness. The core pathology involves dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and heightened sensitivity of the fear network in the brain, including the amygdala and brainstem. The exact cause is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, neurochemical imbalances (notably in serotonin and norepinephrine pathways), and environmental stressors. Clinically, panic disorder is significant due to its association with agoraphobia, functional impairment, and increased risk of comorbid psychiatric conditions such as depression and other anxiety disorders. Diagnosis requires exclusion of medical causes and other psychiatric disorders.