Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition that affects the central part of the retina, called the macula, which is responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It primarily occurs in older adults and leads to a gradual loss of central vision, making it difficult to see faces, read, or drive. The disease involves damage to the light-sensitive cells in the macula and the supporting tissues underneath. There are two main types: dry AMD, which progresses slowly, and wet AMD, which can cause rapid vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth. Overall, AMD impacts the visual system and is a leading cause of vision impairment in the elderly.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, progressive degenerative disorder of the macula lutea characterized by the accumulation of drusen (extracellular deposits) between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. The pathogenesis involves oxidative stress, inflammation, and genetic factors such as polymorphisms in the CFH gene. AMD is classified into dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular) forms; the dry form features gradual photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, while the wet form involves choroidal neovascularization leading to hemorrhage and scarring. Clinically, AMD causes progressive central vision loss with preserved peripheral vision, significantly impacting quality of life. It is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in individuals over 50 years old.