Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a condition where a fluid-filled cyst, called a syrinx, forms within the spinal cord. This cyst can expand and damage the spinal cord, which is part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The main effects include pain, weakness, and loss of sensation, especially in the hands and arms. Symptoms often develop gradually and can affect movement and feeling. The condition can also cause problems with bladder control and muscle stiffness. It primarily affects the spinal cord but can impact overall health by interfering with nerve function.

Syringomyelia is a chronic disorder characterized by the development of a syrinx, a fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord parenchyma. The pathogenesis typically involves disruption of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, often secondary to congenital malformations such as Chiari I malformation, spinal cord trauma, tumors, or arachnoiditis. The expanding syrinx causes progressive damage to the spinal cord, leading to segmental loss of pain and temperature sensation due to involvement of the anterior white commissure, with relative preservation of proprioception and vibration sense. Motor weakness and muscle atrophy may occur due to anterior horn cell involvement. The condition is clinically significant because it can cause irreversible neurological deficits and requires timely diagnosis to prevent progression.