Myelomeningocele

Myelomeningocele is a type of birth defect that affects the spinal cord and the bones of the spine. It occurs when the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth, leaving part of the spinal cord and nerves exposed. This condition primarily impacts the nervous system, leading to problems with movement and sensation below the affected area. Children with myelomeningocele often have difficulty walking and may experience bladder and bowel control issues. It is one of the most severe forms of spina bifida and requires medical attention soon after birth. The exposed spinal cord can also increase the risk of infections and other complications.

Myelomeningocele is a congenital neural tube defect characterized by the failure of the caudal neural tube to close during embryonic development, resulting in herniation of the spinal cord and meninges through a vertebral defect. This defect leads to a sac-like protrusion on the back containing neural tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. The condition is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including folate deficiency during pregnancy. Clinically, it presents with motor and sensory deficits below the lesion level, often accompanied by hydrocephalus due to associated Arnold-Chiari II malformation. The exposed neural tissue is vulnerable to damage and infection, making early diagnosis and management critical to prevent further neurological deterioration.