Radiation dermatitis

Radiation dermatitis is a skin condition caused by exposure to radiation therapy, commonly used to treat cancer. It affects the skin and underlying tissues, leading to symptoms such as redness, itching, and peeling. The severity can range from mild irritation to painful sores and blistering. This condition occurs because radiation damages the skin cells, impairing their ability to repair and regenerate. The affected area may feel tender and can become more sensitive to sunlight and other irritants. Radiation dermatitis primarily impacts the health of the skin, which serves as a protective barrier for the body.

Radiation dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction resulting from the direct cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation on epidermal and dermal cells. It commonly occurs in patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy for malignancies. The pathophysiology involves DNA damage, reactive oxygen species generation, and inflammatory cytokine release, leading to impaired skin integrity and barrier function. Clinically, it presents with a spectrum from erythema and dry desquamation to moist desquamation and ulceration depending on radiation dose and individual susceptibility. It is a significant complication because it can limit radiation dose delivery and affect patient quality of life. Histologically, there is epidermal atrophy, basal cell damage, and dermal inflammation.