Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bile ducts, which are tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. This condition affects the digestive system and can block the flow of bile, leading to symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), itching, and abdominal pain. It often develops slowly and may not cause symptoms until it is advanced. The disease can spread to nearby organs and lymph nodes, making it serious and difficult to treat. Early detection is challenging, and diagnosis usually involves imaging and tissue sampling. Treatment options depend on the tumor's location and stage but often include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. It is characterized by adenocarcinoma histology and is often associated with chronic inflammation or biliary injury, such as from primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fluke infection, or choledochal cysts. The tumor causes progressive bile duct obstruction, leading to cholestasis and jaundice. It is clinically significant due to its aggressive nature, late presentation, and poor prognosis. Molecular alterations may include mutations in KRAS, IDH1/2, and FGFR2 fusions. Diagnosis and staging are critical for determining resectability and guiding management.