Volvulus

Volvulus is a condition where a part of the intestine twists around itself, causing a blockage. This twisting affects the digestive system, specifically the intestines, and can stop food and fluids from passing through properly. The twist can also cut off blood flow to the affected area, which can cause tissue damage. People with volvulus often experience severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and swelling. If untreated, it can lead to serious complications like intestinal death or infection. It is considered a medical emergency because of the risk of permanent damage to the intestines.

Volvulus is defined as the abnormal twisting of a loop of intestine around its mesenteric attachment, leading to intestinal obstruction and potential vascular compromise. The most common sites include the sigmoid colon and cecum in adults, and the midgut in infants. The twisting causes mechanical bowel obstruction and can impair venous and arterial blood flow, resulting in ischemia and possible necrosis of the bowel wall. It is often caused by congenital malrotation, adhesions, or redundant bowel segments. Clinically, it presents with acute abdominal pain, distension, vomiting, and signs of bowel ischemia. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are critical to prevent bowel infarction and systemic complications such as sepsis.