Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious condition that affects the intestines of newborn babies, especially those born prematurely. It causes inflammation and damage to the bowel wall, which can lead to parts of the intestine dying. This can cause severe belly pain, swelling, and problems with feeding. The condition mainly affects the digestive system and can interfere with the baby’s ability to absorb nutrients. If untreated, it can lead to life-threatening complications like infection or intestinal perforation. Early signs include feeding intolerance, vomiting, and bloody stools. Prompt medical attention is critical to manage this condition.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute inflammatory disease primarily affecting the intestinal mucosa of premature neonates, characterized by intestinal ischemia, bacterial invasion, and subsequent necrosis of the bowel wall. The pathogenesis involves a combination of immature intestinal barrier function, abnormal microbial colonization, and impaired blood flow leading to mucosal injury. It most commonly affects the terminal ileum and proximal colon. Clinically, NEC presents with abdominal distension, feeding intolerance, and systemic signs of sepsis. The condition is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal intensive care unit. Histologically, it shows coagulative necrosis, inflammation, and sometimes pneumatosis intestinalis. Early recognition and intervention are essential to prevent progression to bowel perforation and systemic infection.