Endometrial Carcinoma

Endometrial carcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. This condition primarily affects the female reproductive system and is one of the most common gynecologic cancers. It often causes abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause, which is a key symptom that leads to diagnosis. The disease can interfere with normal uterine function and may spread to other parts of the body if untreated. Early detection is important because treatment outcomes are generally better when the cancer is found at an early stage. Risk factors include hormonal imbalances, obesity, and certain genetic conditions. Understanding this cancer helps in recognizing symptoms and seeking timely medical evaluation.

Endometrial carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium of the endometrium, typically driven by unopposed estrogen exposure leading to hyperplasia and subsequent malignant transformation. It is the most common cancer of the female genital tract in developed countries and is classified mainly into two types: Type I (endometrioid), which is estrogen-dependent and associated with better prognosis, and Type II (non-endometrioid), which is more aggressive and estrogen-independent. The pathogenesis often involves mutations in genes such as PTEN, PIK3CA, and KRAS for Type I, and p53 mutations for Type II. Clinically, it presents with postmenopausal bleeding, pelvic pain, or abnormal discharge. Diagnosis and staging are critical for guiding treatment and assessing prognosis. The disease can invade the myometrium and metastasize to lymph nodes and distant organs, impacting survival.