Epispadias

Epispadias is a rare birth defect affecting the urinary system, specifically the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine out of the body. In this condition, the opening of the urethra is located on the upper surface of the penis in males or near the clitoris in females, rather than at the tip. This abnormal placement can cause problems with urine flow and may lead to urinary incontinence or difficulty controlling urination. The condition also affects the genital appearance and can impact sexual function later in life. It is present from birth and results from incomplete development of the urethral tube during fetal growth.

Epispadias is a congenital malformation characterized by the abnormal dorsal placement of the urethral meatus due to defective development of the genital tubercle and urogenital sinus during embryogenesis. It is caused by failure of the urethral folds to fuse properly on the dorsal aspect, leading to an exposed urethral plate. This defect is often associated with bladder exstrophy but can occur in isolation. Clinically, it presents with a dorsally displaced urethral opening, which can cause urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and abnormal genital anatomy. The condition primarily affects the lower urinary tract and external genitalia, with significant implications for urinary and reproductive function. Diagnosis is important for planning surgical correction and managing complications.