Ovarian Tumors (Granulosa Cell Tumor)

Granulosa cell tumors are a rare type of ovarian tumor that arise from the cells surrounding the egg in the ovary. These tumors affect the female reproductive system and can produce hormones, especially estrogen, which may cause symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding or changes in menstrual cycles. They are usually slow-growing but can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. Because they produce hormones, they can also lead to early puberty in young girls or other hormone-related effects. Diagnosis often involves imaging and blood tests, followed by surgery to confirm the tumor type. Treatment typically focuses on removing the tumor and monitoring for recurrence.

Granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a type of sex cord-stromal tumor of the ovary characterized by proliferation of granulosa cells, which are involved in estrogen production. These tumors are typically low-grade malignancies with potential for late recurrence and are notable for their ability to secrete estrogen, leading to clinical manifestations such as endometrial hyperplasia or bleeding. The pathogenesis often involves mutations in the FOXL2 gene, which is a key molecular marker. GCTs are classified into adult and juvenile subtypes, with the adult form being more common. Histologically, they show characteristic Call-Exner bodies and nuclear grooves. Their clinical significance lies in hormone-related symptoms and the risk of local invasion or metastasis.